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Showing posts with label Allergic rhinitis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Allergic rhinitis. Show all posts
Tuesday, November 27, 2012
鼻敏感及早藥療
患有鼻敏感 (allergic rhinitis) 的人經常受到病患各種症狀的困擾,如持續流鼻水、不斷打噴嚏,又或是長期鼻塞,有時更會出現喉涸、流鼻血等情況,對日常、工作及社交帶來很大的影響。這時病人就應該按照醫生指示用藥,藉以控制各種症狀,置之不理只會令病人跌進症狀繼續惡化、生活受進一步損害的惡性循環中。
一般治療鼻敏感藥物,主要作用包括抑制過敏反應及緩解過敏症狀,如減少鼻水及鼻塞等。但此類藥物可能會帶來口乾、嗜睡等症狀,用藥前緊記問清楚醫護人員有關藥物副作用,而服用藥物後最好避免駕駛,新一代藥物的副作用較少,惟人人對藥物的反應不一樣,故仍須小心。
另外,有些病人怕服藥會「上癮」,往往要到病狀十分嚴重才肯用藥,但其實在發病初期立即用藥,更能控制病情,而所用的藥量亦可較少,到情況嚴重時,不但需用重藥,效用也可能會較低。除了口服藥物外,鼻噴劑 (nasal spray) 亦能有效紓緩鼻敏感帶來的不適,但就緊記要按醫生指示按時噴鼻,並要完成整個療程,才能有效控制及預防鼻敏感發作。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20121120/00410_014.html
避致敏原紓過敏
鼻敏感 (allergic rhinitis) 發作是源於身體接觸到異物,刺激免疫系統作出過敏反應,釋放組織胺,於是出現流鼻水、打噴嚏等症狀。這些引發症狀的異物就是致敏原 (allergens),每個人的致敏原都可能不同,只要找出自己的「敵人」然後盡量避免接觸,便可以把敏感症發作的機會大大減低。
臨床上,引發鼻敏感的致敏原可以是一些平常不過的東西,如植物、花粉、空氣中的污染物、家居塵埃、動物毛髮、皮屑及黴菌等等。部分致敏原會長年出現,如家居塵埃及動物毛髮,對這些過敏的人士便可能會經常發作;有些致敏原如花粉,主要在某一季節出現,故部分患者的過敏症狀只發生在特定季節。
病人可以接受致敏原測試,嘗試找出引起過敏的異物,但測試有局限性,未必一定能確定引發過敏的源頭。即使知道了「敵人」,醫學界也未有根治過敏的方法,但患者只要避免與「敵人」接觸便可減少病發,醫生亦可處方藥物緩解各種不適症狀。在香港,家居塵埃 (dust mites) 是十分常見的致敏原,大家只要經常打掃家居,避免使用會吸塵的寢具及布簾等,都有助減少鼻敏感發作。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20121127/00410_012.html
Wednesday, August 25, 2010
三類藥物紓鼻敏感
現時治療鼻敏感的藥物可分為三大類,最常用的是抗敏藥物,主要為抗組織胺 (anti-histamine),可以減少流鼻水、痕癢及打噴嚏等症狀。第二種為通鼻塞藥物 (decongestant),這類藥物可以令鼻膜的血管收縮,達到通鼻塞的作用,分為口服劑及噴鼻式兩種,後者可於數分鐘內起效,但不按醫生指示及長期使用可引致「反彈」作用 (rebound congestion),鼻塞問題比用藥前更為嚴重。
噴鼻式類固醇適合小朋友
至於第三類藥物則為類固醇 (nasal steroid),可以有效減輕病徵,但很多病人一聽到「類固醇」就怕,擔心會損害健康。長期使用口服類固醇 (oral steroid) 確實有機會引起嚴重併發症,醫生使用時亦會特別注意,而噴鼻式類固醇則很安全,即使長期使用也不會出現併發症,而且就算是幾歲的小朋友也可以用這類藥物去控制鼻敏感。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100824/00410_003.html
噴鼻式類固醇適合小朋友
至於第三類藥物則為類固醇 (nasal steroid),可以有效減輕病徵,但很多病人一聽到「類固醇」就怕,擔心會損害健康。長期使用口服類固醇 (oral steroid) 確實有機會引起嚴重併發症,醫生使用時亦會特別注意,而噴鼻式類固醇則很安全,即使長期使用也不會出現併發症,而且就算是幾歲的小朋友也可以用這類藥物去控制鼻敏感。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100824/00410_003.html
Friday, August 6, 2010
類固醇紓鼻敏感同時減哮喘發作
不少哮喘病人同時有過敏性鼻炎(即鼻敏感),若能有效控制,可減低兩病同時發作的機會。四間公立醫院一項聯合研究發現,受訪的六百名哮喘病成年患者,有七成七人曾有鼻敏感徵狀,接受鼻類固醇的治療後,鼻敏感病情獲得改善,連哮喘發作的次數亦減少,並降低入急症室或住院的次數。
該研究於○七年進行,調查東區醫院、威爾斯醫院、瑪麗醫院及聯合醫院合共六百名哮喘病人,了解他們的身體狀況,如有否患鼻敏感,其中二百多人需接受肺容量測試。結果顯示,七成七哮喘病人曾有鼻敏感徵狀,當中九成六曾經確診。調查又指過半數經常鼻敏感發作的哮喘病人,服用鼻類固醇後,無論因哮喘病發而求診、往藥房配藥、到急症室求醫或住院的次數,均較沒有鼻敏感的哮喘病人少。
參與研究的中大呼吸內科教授許樹昌解釋,鼻敏感及哮喘的致敏原相同,都由塵埃蟎引發,「鼻係第一關,如果致敏源留喺鼻腔,會令人有鼻敏感;但入咗氣管,就可致哮喘。若類固醇控制到鼻敏感,唔畀鼻水倒流,呢類病人就連哮喘病發機會都可減少」。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100806/00410_004.html
該研究於○七年進行,調查東區醫院、威爾斯醫院、瑪麗醫院及聯合醫院合共六百名哮喘病人,了解他們的身體狀況,如有否患鼻敏感,其中二百多人需接受肺容量測試。結果顯示,七成七哮喘病人曾有鼻敏感徵狀,當中九成六曾經確診。調查又指過半數經常鼻敏感發作的哮喘病人,服用鼻類固醇後,無論因哮喘病發而求診、往藥房配藥、到急症室求醫或住院的次數,均較沒有鼻敏感的哮喘病人少。
參與研究的中大呼吸內科教授許樹昌解釋,鼻敏感及哮喘的致敏原相同,都由塵埃蟎引發,「鼻係第一關,如果致敏源留喺鼻腔,會令人有鼻敏感;但入咗氣管,就可致哮喘。若類固醇控制到鼻敏感,唔畀鼻水倒流,呢類病人就連哮喘病發機會都可減少」。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100806/00410_004.html
Thursday, February 4, 2010
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis affects about 1/3 of the US population. Morbidity from this disease leads to decreased productivity, lost work/school days, and increasing costs of medical care and treatment. It is an important entity for the practicing otolaryngologist because many of these patients have failed medical management. In order to treat these patients, allergy testing may need to be performed in order to start vaccine immunotherapy.
Inflammation of the membrane lining the nose secondary to hypersensitivity to aeroallergens, characterized by rhinorrhea, sneezing, pruritis, congestion, post nasal drip and associated conjunctival, otologic or pharyngeal inflammation. These symptoms can be episodic, seasonal or perennial. Severity ranges from mild, to seriously debilitating with excess days of missed school or work. Risk factors include family history of atopy, serum IgE > 100 IU/ml before age six, higher socioeconomic class, exposure to aeroallergens, presence of positive allergy skin prick test.
Prick/scratch testing (SPT) is a superficial skin reaction that does not penetrate dermis. It is highly specific, sensitive, convenient and safe. A test is positive if there is a wheal and flare reaction which is greater than or equal to the histamine control.
Intradermal testing (IT) a dilute antigen extract is injected into the dermis, and a superficial wheal forms. After ten minutes, the wheal is measured again to see if there was any progression. If the diameter of the wheal has increased by 2mm or greater, then a positive response has occurred. This causes relatively minimal patient discomfort.
Immunotherapy is a viable option for patients not benefiting from traditional medical management (eg. nasal steroid spray, antihistamine, etc.) that works by altering one’s immunologic response. Adjuvant therapies may be useful to maximize effect of immunotherapy.
Source:
Medical Management of Allergic Rhinitis UTMB Dr. Quinn's online textbook of Otolaryngology [Apr 30, 2009]
Inflammation of the membrane lining the nose secondary to hypersensitivity to aeroallergens, characterized by rhinorrhea, sneezing, pruritis, congestion, post nasal drip and associated conjunctival, otologic or pharyngeal inflammation. These symptoms can be episodic, seasonal or perennial. Severity ranges from mild, to seriously debilitating with excess days of missed school or work. Risk factors include family history of atopy, serum IgE > 100 IU/ml before age six, higher socioeconomic class, exposure to aeroallergens, presence of positive allergy skin prick test.
Prick/scratch testing (SPT) is a superficial skin reaction that does not penetrate dermis. It is highly specific, sensitive, convenient and safe. A test is positive if there is a wheal and flare reaction which is greater than or equal to the histamine control.
Intradermal testing (IT) a dilute antigen extract is injected into the dermis, and a superficial wheal forms. After ten minutes, the wheal is measured again to see if there was any progression. If the diameter of the wheal has increased by 2mm or greater, then a positive response has occurred. This causes relatively minimal patient discomfort.
Immunotherapy is a viable option for patients not benefiting from traditional medical management (eg. nasal steroid spray, antihistamine, etc.) that works by altering one’s immunologic response. Adjuvant therapies may be useful to maximize effect of immunotherapy.
Source:
Medical Management of Allergic Rhinitis UTMB Dr. Quinn's online textbook of Otolaryngology [Apr 30, 2009]
Labels:
Allergic rhinitis,
immunotherapy,
nasal obstruction
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