睡眠窒息(obstructive sleep apnea) 不只是中年肥胖危機的副產品,若天生扁桃腺 (tonsil) 或增殖體 (adenoid) 過大,嬰兒及兒童亦會受睡眠窒息困擾。耳鼻喉專家警告,病童夜間腦部缺氧會影響日間學習表現,嚴重更有礙發育,令身材較矮小。他們慣常用口呼吸 (mouth breathing),更會將病菌直接吸入肺部,導致較多呼吸道感染。
三歲半的龍湛聰一歲起便開始晚晚打鼻鼾,鼻鼾聲大得連睡房毗鄰的書房也聽到,由於習慣用口呼吸,日間亦經常「合唔埋口」,兩歲多仍要使用口水肩。龍太曾帶湛聰求診兒科醫生,結果兩名醫生都說兒子患鼻敏感,但服藥後仍繼續打鼻鼾。去年中湛聰再向耳鼻喉專科求診,醫生看過他睡眠的片段,發現他鼻鼾聲震天,並有多次窒息現象,遂處方鼻敏感藥,結果服藥都無助改善。醫生斷定湛聰因先天性扁桃腺及增殖體過大,導致睡眠窒息,去年六月安排他接受切除手術。龍太形容,手術效果十分神奇,愛兒手術後即晚已沒打鼻鼾,上課學習亦較以往專心,「以前老師都投訴過佢上堂遊魂,依家都冇再投訴;以前佢感冒幾個禮拜都唔好,依家好快好番。拖咗成年幾先搵到病因做手術,呢段期間真係好折磨。」
專家呼籲,九成睡眠窒息兒童都因扁桃腺或增殖體肥大,必須動手術才能根治。家長若發現子女鼻鼾聲震天,必須盡早求診,一歲以上的幼兒都適合進行扁桃腺 (tonsillectomy) 或增殖體切除 (adenoidectomy) 手術。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100309/00410_001.html
San Francisco Ear, Nose, Throat specialist Dr. Kevin Ho Hearing evaluation, Sinus and Allergy, Tonsillitis Obstructive sleep apnea, Voice evaluation Neck mass, Thyroid/ parathyroid disease Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
Monday, March 8, 2010
Friday, March 5, 2010
呼吸機改善睡眠窒息
睡眠呼吸機是一個既安全又有效的睡眠窒息症 (obstructive sleep apnea) 治療方法,其運作原理是利用喉管及面罩或鼻罩,不斷輸送空氣到病人的呼吸道,從而令呼吸道長期打開,配合加濕器及固定帶,則可以提升用機時的舒適度。病人在儀器的協助下可以恢復正常的睡眠模式,不再因為斷斷續續的窒息而影響睡眠質素,避免引起各種相關的健康後遺症。
臨床經驗顯示,只要睡眠窒息症患者願意持續使用呼吸機後,窒息及呼吸不全等問題通常都會消失,可以徹底解決睡眠窒息的問題。不過,病人必須每晚都用呼吸機,一旦停用問題又會再來,過去有研究便發現,很多病人使用一段時間後會因為各種原因而未有按醫生指示使用呼吸機,以致影響到治療效用。
目前市面的呼吸機可分為兩類,一種是操作較簡單的持續正氣壓睡眠機(CPAP),另一種則是功能較多的雙極正氣壓睡眠機(BiPAP)。正氣壓可再分為定壓型及自動型,前者價錢較大眾化,但空氣會維持一個較高及固定的氣壓;自動型則連接電腦,可以按照病人的需要而調控氣壓,故病人會較舒適,因此較易接受及維持用機的習慣。
至於雙極睡眠機的技術就更為先進,儀器會因應病人的呼吸節奏,自動調節輸出的氣壓,例如病人吸氣時加大氣壓,呼氣時則減壓,令到呼吸過程更為自然及舒適,所以用者會更易適應及長期使用。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100306/00410_002.html
臨床經驗顯示,只要睡眠窒息症患者願意持續使用呼吸機後,窒息及呼吸不全等問題通常都會消失,可以徹底解決睡眠窒息的問題。不過,病人必須每晚都用呼吸機,一旦停用問題又會再來,過去有研究便發現,很多病人使用一段時間後會因為各種原因而未有按醫生指示使用呼吸機,以致影響到治療效用。
目前市面的呼吸機可分為兩類,一種是操作較簡單的持續正氣壓睡眠機(CPAP),另一種則是功能較多的雙極正氣壓睡眠機(BiPAP)。正氣壓可再分為定壓型及自動型,前者價錢較大眾化,但空氣會維持一個較高及固定的氣壓;自動型則連接電腦,可以按照病人的需要而調控氣壓,故病人會較舒適,因此較易接受及維持用機的習慣。
至於雙極睡眠機的技術就更為先進,儀器會因應病人的呼吸節奏,自動調節輸出的氣壓,例如病人吸氣時加大氣壓,呼氣時則減壓,令到呼吸過程更為自然及舒適,所以用者會更易適應及長期使用。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100306/00410_002.html
Tuesday, March 2, 2010
香港每七人一個耳鳴
耳鳴 (tinnitus) 患者每天二十四小時受機關槍聲、鑽地聲、電視雪花聲、敲門聲等騷擾轟炸,所承受的痛苦不足為外人道。年紀大、聽力系統退化及長期暴露在噪音下,是普遍導致耳鳴的因素。專家估計,香港每七人就有一人患不同程度耳鳴,逾二十萬人有中度至嚴重耳鳴。中文大學調查發現,多達兩成耳鳴患者,日常生活受嚴重障礙,輕則影響社交,降低專注力及工作表現,嚴重更導致失眠及生無可戀,有自殺傾向。
聲音治療教大腦收聲
由於耳鳴是患者的主觀感覺,難以由醫生作客觀判斷,中文大學○八年將英國的耳鳴問卷改編成中文,以調查耳鳴對患者心理及日常生活的影響。中大○八年四至十月期間,在威爾斯醫院、東區醫院及仁濟醫院的聽力中心,招募一百一十四名耳鳴患者進行聽力評估。患者年齡介乎十八至八十七歲,多達七成二患者長期受耳鳴困擾,當中有些聽力正常,有些本身患嚴重失聰。
調查發現,多達兩成一的耳鳴患者,日常生活受嚴重障礙,如失眠、無法集中精神,甚至產生自殺傾向。生活受輕度或中度障礙的患者,分別佔兩成四及兩成六。中大耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科學系學術主管唐志輝稱,耳鳴的成因眾多,當中七成患者有聽力問題。該系助理教授甘志珊指出,耳鳴可從根源對症下藥,但成因不明的個案較難醫治,患者可透過聲音治療,以訓練大腦不再發出耳鳴聲音。
六十七歲的鄭先生,九九年經歷喪妻之痛,同年聽力退化,之後便開始耳鳴,近月因聽力衰退加劇,鄭開始佩戴助聽器。由於聽覺靈敏了,能聽清楚環境聲音,耳鳴問題反而顯著減少了。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100303/00410_030.html
聲音治療教大腦收聲
由於耳鳴是患者的主觀感覺,難以由醫生作客觀判斷,中文大學○八年將英國的耳鳴問卷改編成中文,以調查耳鳴對患者心理及日常生活的影響。中大○八年四至十月期間,在威爾斯醫院、東區醫院及仁濟醫院的聽力中心,招募一百一十四名耳鳴患者進行聽力評估。患者年齡介乎十八至八十七歲,多達七成二患者長期受耳鳴困擾,當中有些聽力正常,有些本身患嚴重失聰。
調查發現,多達兩成一的耳鳴患者,日常生活受嚴重障礙,如失眠、無法集中精神,甚至產生自殺傾向。生活受輕度或中度障礙的患者,分別佔兩成四及兩成六。中大耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科學系學術主管唐志輝稱,耳鳴的成因眾多,當中七成患者有聽力問題。該系助理教授甘志珊指出,耳鳴可從根源對症下藥,但成因不明的個案較難醫治,患者可透過聲音治療,以訓練大腦不再發出耳鳴聲音。
六十七歲的鄭先生,九九年經歷喪妻之痛,同年聽力退化,之後便開始耳鳴,近月因聽力衰退加劇,鄭開始佩戴助聽器。由於聽覺靈敏了,能聽清楚環境聲音,耳鳴問題反而顯著減少了。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100303/00410_030.html
Sunday, February 28, 2010
黐脷根 真假有分
「黐脷根」有真假之分,真正的「黐脷根」(ankyloglossia) 是因為天生舌根 (frenulum) 太短,導致舌頭不靈活,影響咬字及發音;假的「黐脷根」純粹受懶音或習慣說話含糊不清等後天因素影響,兩者也可以透過言語訓練 (speech therapy) 糾正,但若舌根天生非常過短,則可能要透過手術矯正。
天生舌根太短的人,當伸出舌頭時,舌根會扯着舌頭中間位置,形成舌頭兩端較長、中間凹陷呈M字形,導致不能正常伸出。舌根正常的人伸出舌頭時,長度一般可超過嘴唇,但舌根過短的人伸出舌頭時,多只僅及嘴唇,甚至只能到達牙齒。
舌根太短對兒童學習講說話構成負面影響,會出現咬字不清的情況。很多人以為「黐脷根」的小朋友需接受俗稱「剪脷根」的手術 (frenuloplasty),其實家長可考慮透過言語治療改善,只要經過適當的練習,可將問題完全糾正過來。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100301/00410_032.html
天生舌根太短的人,當伸出舌頭時,舌根會扯着舌頭中間位置,形成舌頭兩端較長、中間凹陷呈M字形,導致不能正常伸出。舌根正常的人伸出舌頭時,長度一般可超過嘴唇,但舌根過短的人伸出舌頭時,多只僅及嘴唇,甚至只能到達牙齒。
舌根太短對兒童學習講說話構成負面影響,會出現咬字不清的情況。很多人以為「黐脷根」的小朋友需接受俗稱「剪脷根」的手術 (frenuloplasty),其實家長可考慮透過言語治療改善,只要經過適當的練習,可將問題完全糾正過來。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100301/00410_032.html
Monday, February 22, 2010
以毒攻毒治愈花生敏感
食物敏感情況嚴重可致命,家長會因子女食物敏感,避免他們接觸致敏的食物,不過,英國劍橋一間醫院的研究人員嘗試以毒攻毒,把花生磨成粉末加入乳酪中,讓對花生敏感的兒童進食,劑量逐日增加,直至他們每日可吃五粒花生,使免疫系統對花生產生耐受性。初步發現二十三名參與研究的兒童中,二十一人不再對花生產生敏感。
研究人員希望將這種治療方法發展為治療敏感的方法,甚至擴展到對牛奶及雞蛋等食物敏感的人士身上,但他強調,這類治療必須在醫護人員監察下進行,家長千萬不要在家中自行為子女治療。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100223/00410_032.html
研究人員希望將這種治療方法發展為治療敏感的方法,甚至擴展到對牛奶及雞蛋等食物敏感的人士身上,但他強調,這類治療必須在醫護人員監察下進行,家長千萬不要在家中自行為子女治療。
Source:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100223/00410_032.html
Saturday, February 20, 2010
Hearing loss
Hearing loss is one the most common complaints seen by ENTs nowadays. There are two types of hearing loss: conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss results from disruption of the conduction mechanism of the ear, namely the outer ear, ear drum, and the middle ear which houses the 3 hearing bones. Sensorineural loss is a result of damage to our primary hearing organ, the cochlea, and the hearing nerve. A significant proportions of sensorineural hearing loss in adult is due to noise exposure. A simple tuning fork test can differentiate the two types of hearing loss. To find out more details about a hearing loss, a formal hearing test is required. Direct visualization of the ear canal, ear drum, and the hearing bones under microscopy is important to evaluate for any rupture of the ear drum or obstruction of the ear canal. Our Stonestown office (www.kevinhomd.com) is fully equipped to address hearing loss at any ages. We have a licensed audiologist to perform hearing evaluation and hearing aid prescription and maintenance. Hearing is an important component of our lives and don't hesitate to contact us for any questions about your hearing.
Labels:
audiology,
Hearing loss,
hearing test,
san francisco hearing
Thursday, February 4, 2010
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis affects about 1/3 of the US population. Morbidity from this disease leads to decreased productivity, lost work/school days, and increasing costs of medical care and treatment. It is an important entity for the practicing otolaryngologist because many of these patients have failed medical management. In order to treat these patients, allergy testing may need to be performed in order to start vaccine immunotherapy.
Inflammation of the membrane lining the nose secondary to hypersensitivity to aeroallergens, characterized by rhinorrhea, sneezing, pruritis, congestion, post nasal drip and associated conjunctival, otologic or pharyngeal inflammation. These symptoms can be episodic, seasonal or perennial. Severity ranges from mild, to seriously debilitating with excess days of missed school or work. Risk factors include family history of atopy, serum IgE > 100 IU/ml before age six, higher socioeconomic class, exposure to aeroallergens, presence of positive allergy skin prick test.
Prick/scratch testing (SPT) is a superficial skin reaction that does not penetrate dermis. It is highly specific, sensitive, convenient and safe. A test is positive if there is a wheal and flare reaction which is greater than or equal to the histamine control.
Intradermal testing (IT) a dilute antigen extract is injected into the dermis, and a superficial wheal forms. After ten minutes, the wheal is measured again to see if there was any progression. If the diameter of the wheal has increased by 2mm or greater, then a positive response has occurred. This causes relatively minimal patient discomfort.
Immunotherapy is a viable option for patients not benefiting from traditional medical management (eg. nasal steroid spray, antihistamine, etc.) that works by altering one’s immunologic response. Adjuvant therapies may be useful to maximize effect of immunotherapy.
Source:
Medical Management of Allergic Rhinitis UTMB Dr. Quinn's online textbook of Otolaryngology [Apr 30, 2009]
Inflammation of the membrane lining the nose secondary to hypersensitivity to aeroallergens, characterized by rhinorrhea, sneezing, pruritis, congestion, post nasal drip and associated conjunctival, otologic or pharyngeal inflammation. These symptoms can be episodic, seasonal or perennial. Severity ranges from mild, to seriously debilitating with excess days of missed school or work. Risk factors include family history of atopy, serum IgE > 100 IU/ml before age six, higher socioeconomic class, exposure to aeroallergens, presence of positive allergy skin prick test.
Prick/scratch testing (SPT) is a superficial skin reaction that does not penetrate dermis. It is highly specific, sensitive, convenient and safe. A test is positive if there is a wheal and flare reaction which is greater than or equal to the histamine control.
Intradermal testing (IT) a dilute antigen extract is injected into the dermis, and a superficial wheal forms. After ten minutes, the wheal is measured again to see if there was any progression. If the diameter of the wheal has increased by 2mm or greater, then a positive response has occurred. This causes relatively minimal patient discomfort.
Immunotherapy is a viable option for patients not benefiting from traditional medical management (eg. nasal steroid spray, antihistamine, etc.) that works by altering one’s immunologic response. Adjuvant therapies may be useful to maximize effect of immunotherapy.
Source:
Medical Management of Allergic Rhinitis UTMB Dr. Quinn's online textbook of Otolaryngology [Apr 30, 2009]
Labels:
Allergic rhinitis,
immunotherapy,
nasal obstruction
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