喉嚨痛乃常見的身體不適,其相關成因眾多,用聲不當至受病毒細菌感染也可以令喉嚨或其他附近組織發痛,但如果喉嚨痛還伴隨發燒、頭痛及頸部脹腫,有機會是扁桃腺發炎 (tonsillitis)。
扁桃腺是兩組位於喉嚨後方兩側的淋巴腺體,當人體免疫力下降時,這組腺體便有機會受到病毒或細菌感染,形成扁桃腺炎。扁桃腺發炎除了造成痛楚及發高燒外,還會含膿腫脹,甚至影響至上顎及周邊軟組織,嚴重時腫脹的扁桃腺更會阻礙吞嚥及呼吸。不過,並非所有扁桃腺炎都會造成呼吸道或食道阻塞,如果病情輕微的,可以透過休息或按醫生指示服用藥物如抗生素來紓緩病情;但如果腫脹情況嚴重或扁桃腺已呈含膿狀態,則需要考慮透過手術把膿液清除,來紓緩痛楚,防止感染範圍擴大。
部分扁桃腺患者痊愈後,經過若干時間便再次患上扁桃腺炎,由於每次發炎都對生活造成影響,需請假休息,一般建議這類患者可考慮將扁桃腺切除,減低日後重複發炎之苦。一般來說,任何人的扁桃腺於一年內發炎多達五、六次時,便值得考慮切除扁桃腺。不過,切除扁桃腺會安排於患者痊愈後才進行,因為當扁桃腺發炎期間,有大量細菌黏附在扁桃腺上,若再動刀製造傷口,便會令細菌有機可乘,造成更嚴重感染及傷口出血。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100809/00410_032.html
San Francisco Ear, Nose, Throat specialist Dr. Kevin Ho Hearing evaluation, Sinus and Allergy, Tonsillitis Obstructive sleep apnea, Voice evaluation Neck mass, Thyroid/ parathyroid disease Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
Sunday, August 8, 2010
Friday, August 6, 2010
類固醇紓鼻敏感同時減哮喘發作
不少哮喘病人同時有過敏性鼻炎(即鼻敏感),若能有效控制,可減低兩病同時發作的機會。四間公立醫院一項聯合研究發現,受訪的六百名哮喘病成年患者,有七成七人曾有鼻敏感徵狀,接受鼻類固醇的治療後,鼻敏感病情獲得改善,連哮喘發作的次數亦減少,並降低入急症室或住院的次數。
該研究於○七年進行,調查東區醫院、威爾斯醫院、瑪麗醫院及聯合醫院合共六百名哮喘病人,了解他們的身體狀況,如有否患鼻敏感,其中二百多人需接受肺容量測試。結果顯示,七成七哮喘病人曾有鼻敏感徵狀,當中九成六曾經確診。調查又指過半數經常鼻敏感發作的哮喘病人,服用鼻類固醇後,無論因哮喘病發而求診、往藥房配藥、到急症室求醫或住院的次數,均較沒有鼻敏感的哮喘病人少。
參與研究的中大呼吸內科教授許樹昌解釋,鼻敏感及哮喘的致敏原相同,都由塵埃蟎引發,「鼻係第一關,如果致敏源留喺鼻腔,會令人有鼻敏感;但入咗氣管,就可致哮喘。若類固醇控制到鼻敏感,唔畀鼻水倒流,呢類病人就連哮喘病發機會都可減少」。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100806/00410_004.html
該研究於○七年進行,調查東區醫院、威爾斯醫院、瑪麗醫院及聯合醫院合共六百名哮喘病人,了解他們的身體狀況,如有否患鼻敏感,其中二百多人需接受肺容量測試。結果顯示,七成七哮喘病人曾有鼻敏感徵狀,當中九成六曾經確診。調查又指過半數經常鼻敏感發作的哮喘病人,服用鼻類固醇後,無論因哮喘病發而求診、往藥房配藥、到急症室求醫或住院的次數,均較沒有鼻敏感的哮喘病人少。
參與研究的中大呼吸內科教授許樹昌解釋,鼻敏感及哮喘的致敏原相同,都由塵埃蟎引發,「鼻係第一關,如果致敏源留喺鼻腔,會令人有鼻敏感;但入咗氣管,就可致哮喘。若類固醇控制到鼻敏感,唔畀鼻水倒流,呢類病人就連哮喘病發機會都可減少」。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100806/00410_004.html
Saturday, July 31, 2010
聽力缺損六歲後難醫
聽覺對於語言發展極為重要,每一千名初生嬰兒便有三人患先天性聽力問題,有專家警告若患者六歲前仍未開始接受治療,聽覺神經會「生銹」,長大後聽力及語言能力難再改善。 先天性聽力缺損的成因包括外耳閉塞、中耳耳骨畸形、耳蝸發育異常及聽覺神經有問題等,愈遲發現愈難糾正。據美國兒科學會建議,嬰兒應於出生後一個月內接受聽力測試、三個月內確診並不遲於六個月展開治療。如能及早確診並展開治療,患者可回復九成聽力;相反,若六歲後仍未接受治療,聽覺神經難再調節,形同「生銹」。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100801/00410_001.html
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100801/00410_001.html
Saturday, July 24, 2010
囝囝唔聽教原來耳有病
兩、三歲的小朋友在暑假後便要開始學子的生涯,但原來幼兒的免疫系統未成熟,是罹患中耳積液的高危族群,病發率可高達兩成。患病的孩子因為聽力受阻,於是表現得「唔聽教」、大聲說話等看似頑劣行為,就如李太的囝囝,最終因為發音困難,求醫檢查才發現囝囝生病了。
很多家長如李太一樣,對「中耳積液」不太了解,就算小朋友因此病而出現聽力下降,也因為家居環境比較嘈雜,有時孩子聽不到一兩句話都當是正常事。中耳積液其實是中耳炎的一種,主要是中耳分泌的液體無法排走,積聚造成炎症,而小朋友患病前大多曾有上呼吸道感染及鼻敏感等。
中耳積液可致失聰
雖然大部分的中耳積液都可以於短期內痊愈,而且問題亦未必會引起不適,但若置之不理不作治療,積液可導致耳膜受壓下陷、聽骨硬化等後遺症,令聽覺永久受損甚至失聰。如果小朋友的聽力受損,對學習、說話及社交都會造成很大的影響。一般來說,藥物可以有效改善中耳積液,只有少數病人需要接受耳膜切開或置放耳道通氣管。
其實,小朋友尤其是幼兒,很多時也不懂得表達自己的不適,他們更不知道「聽唔到」是不正常,因此孩子入學前,家長最好帶他們驗一驗耳,若有問題可以趁暑假進行治療,到九月上學時便是一名「聽話」─聽得到話─的活潑兒童了。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100720/00410_002.html
很多家長如李太一樣,對「中耳積液」不太了解,就算小朋友因此病而出現聽力下降,也因為家居環境比較嘈雜,有時孩子聽不到一兩句話都當是正常事。中耳積液其實是中耳炎的一種,主要是中耳分泌的液體無法排走,積聚造成炎症,而小朋友患病前大多曾有上呼吸道感染及鼻敏感等。
中耳積液可致失聰
雖然大部分的中耳積液都可以於短期內痊愈,而且問題亦未必會引起不適,但若置之不理不作治療,積液可導致耳膜受壓下陷、聽骨硬化等後遺症,令聽覺永久受損甚至失聰。如果小朋友的聽力受損,對學習、說話及社交都會造成很大的影響。一般來說,藥物可以有效改善中耳積液,只有少數病人需要接受耳膜切開或置放耳道通氣管。
其實,小朋友尤其是幼兒,很多時也不懂得表達自己的不適,他們更不知道「聽唔到」是不正常,因此孩子入學前,家長最好帶他們驗一驗耳,若有問題可以趁暑假進行治療,到九月上學時便是一名「聽話」─聽得到話─的活潑兒童了。
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100720/00410_002.html
Sunday, July 11, 2010
聲帶息肉
電視歌唱比賽節目掀起熱潮,不少人日夜苦練歌藝,惟若發聲方法不當,可致聲帶出血及發炎,形成血泡及水腫,令聲音沙啞、走音及失聲。若反覆勞損,會令聲帶長出息肉及生繭,聲調會變沉甚或致「豆沙喉」,需切除病變組織。
聲帶受損會令聲音沙啞、喉嚨痛、說話時無氣無力、無法提高音量及說長句子、無法控制音調高低,嚴重的更會失聲。輕微勞損個案只需減少說話及多喝暖水,讓聲帶充分休息便可復原。若情況持續兩日以上,便可能是聲帶出現血泡或水腫 (polyp) ,應考慮求醫,服用消炎藥後,一般亦可在數天內康復。然而,約一成個案未必能完全復原,患處或會長出息肉及結節等;若聲帶長年累月勞損,兩側聲帶會結繭,聲音會逐漸變沉甚至變成「鵝公喉」,或須考慮以微創手術清除息肉及厚繭。
Benign vocal lesions such as polyp, nodule, or cyst often result from chronic vocal abuse. These lesions affect the normal vibratory movement of the vocal cords and could lead to hoarseness, sore throat, lowering of pitch, dysphagia, or even shortness of breath. Diagnosis is through flexible fiberoptic examination and video stroboscopic examination in the clinic setting. Early treatment is medical including voice rest, speech therapy, and hydration. Persistent symptomatic vocal lesions require endoscopic excisional biopsy under general anesthesia. Patients with smoking, alcohol history or family history of throat cancer are at risk for laryngeal cancer and are recommended to undergo excisional biopsy for suspicious lesions.
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100711/00410_030.html
聲帶受損會令聲音沙啞、喉嚨痛、說話時無氣無力、無法提高音量及說長句子、無法控制音調高低,嚴重的更會失聲。輕微勞損個案只需減少說話及多喝暖水,讓聲帶充分休息便可復原。若情況持續兩日以上,便可能是聲帶出現血泡或水腫 (polyp) ,應考慮求醫,服用消炎藥後,一般亦可在數天內康復。然而,約一成個案未必能完全復原,患處或會長出息肉及結節等;若聲帶長年累月勞損,兩側聲帶會結繭,聲音會逐漸變沉甚至變成「鵝公喉」,或須考慮以微創手術清除息肉及厚繭。
Benign vocal lesions such as polyp, nodule, or cyst often result from chronic vocal abuse. These lesions affect the normal vibratory movement of the vocal cords and could lead to hoarseness, sore throat, lowering of pitch, dysphagia, or even shortness of breath. Diagnosis is through flexible fiberoptic examination and video stroboscopic examination in the clinic setting. Early treatment is medical including voice rest, speech therapy, and hydration. Persistent symptomatic vocal lesions require endoscopic excisional biopsy under general anesthesia. Patients with smoking, alcohol history or family history of throat cancer are at risk for laryngeal cancer and are recommended to undergo excisional biopsy for suspicious lesions.
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100711/00410_030.html
Wednesday, July 7, 2010
耳骨硬化影響聽力
聽力出現障礙,不少人會首先聯想至耳膜穿破或聽覺神經受損,但其實聲音傳遞除了依靠耳膜及聽覺神經,還有中耳的三塊小聽骨及內耳,倘若這些地方出現問題,也會影響聽力,其中一個例子便是耳骨硬化。
耳骨硬化主要發生於小聽骨中的蹬骨,即是與內耳連接的小聽骨,或是內耳前庭迷路位置的骨膜硬化,以至它們形狀出現改變,影響它們傳遞聲音的功能,令患者聽力下降。
耳骨硬化主要受遺傳影響,多於女士身上發生,而當她們體內賀爾蒙水平出現大幅改變時,即青春期、懷孕及更年期,特別容易誘發耳骨硬化發生。病發初時並沒有明顯病徵,受影響的骨質組織會呈海綿狀,直至骨質硬化時,便會出現耳鳴、暈眩或聽力下降的情況。
由於早期病徵不明顯,所以難以在骨質尚未硬化時介入處理,當病情已進入後期時,並沒有藥物可以治療耳骨硬化,只能透過手術,置換已呈硬化的小聽骨,改善聽力障礙。但手術後患者不能舉重、潛水等令耳朵受壓的活動,否則有機會令內耳中的內淋巴液滲出,進一步破壞耳朵組織。因此,部分患者為免麻煩,寧願選擇佩戴助聽器改善聽力。
There are two types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. Abnormalities of the hearing bones or ossicles are examples of conductive hearing loss. It affects approximately 1% of the population and is more common in female. The most common age group ranges from 15-45. Diagnosis is by audiogram which shows a conductive hearing loss and absent stapedial reflex. Treatment is either hearing aid or surgery, which involves removing the fixated hearing bone and replacing it with a prosthesis. The success rate of the procedure is about 90%. After the operation, patients are advised to avoid diving and strenuous activities that could affect middle ear pressure and stability of the prosthesis.
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100708/00410_033.html
耳骨硬化主要發生於小聽骨中的蹬骨,即是與內耳連接的小聽骨,或是內耳前庭迷路位置的骨膜硬化,以至它們形狀出現改變,影響它們傳遞聲音的功能,令患者聽力下降。
耳骨硬化主要受遺傳影響,多於女士身上發生,而當她們體內賀爾蒙水平出現大幅改變時,即青春期、懷孕及更年期,特別容易誘發耳骨硬化發生。病發初時並沒有明顯病徵,受影響的骨質組織會呈海綿狀,直至骨質硬化時,便會出現耳鳴、暈眩或聽力下降的情況。
由於早期病徵不明顯,所以難以在骨質尚未硬化時介入處理,當病情已進入後期時,並沒有藥物可以治療耳骨硬化,只能透過手術,置換已呈硬化的小聽骨,改善聽力障礙。但手術後患者不能舉重、潛水等令耳朵受壓的活動,否則有機會令內耳中的內淋巴液滲出,進一步破壞耳朵組織。因此,部分患者為免麻煩,寧願選擇佩戴助聽器改善聽力。
There are two types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. Abnormalities of the hearing bones or ossicles are examples of conductive hearing loss. It affects approximately 1% of the population and is more common in female. The most common age group ranges from 15-45. Diagnosis is by audiogram which shows a conductive hearing loss and absent stapedial reflex. Treatment is either hearing aid or surgery, which involves removing the fixated hearing bone and replacing it with a prosthesis. The success rate of the procedure is about 90%. After the operation, patients are advised to avoid diving and strenuous activities that could affect middle ear pressure and stability of the prosthesis.
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100708/00410_033.html
Sunday, June 20, 2010
聲沙
聲帶 (vocal cords) 位於呼吸道上端,左右各一,肺部呼出空氣流經聲帶令聲帶快速震動,產生聲音,再經咽、喉、鼻共鳴放大。當聲帶受損發炎腫脹,不能如常地開合及震動,便會造成聲沙 (hoarseness)。常見令聲帶腫脹的原因包括傷風感冒、發音時過度用力、胃酸倒流及喉嚨過敏。聲沙應減少說話,讓聲帶得以休息復原,若聲沙時仍持續發聲,可勞損聲帶,造成聲帶出血、結繭(長出小結)(cyst)、長息肉 (polyp)、結疤 (granuloma) 或產生聲帶溝,這時便需要接受治療。
一般來說,如果聲沙病情輕微,可透過言語治療 (speech therapy) 矯正發聲方法,讓聲帶休息逐漸康復,病情嚴重則需要施手術。完成治療後仍需接受言語治療、預防復發,並要培養保護聲帶的習慣,包括用適當的音量、音調和速度說話或歌唱、避免叫喊或高談過久、戒煙、戒酒、多喝水保持聲帶滋潤等。值得一提的是,聲沙也是喉癌的早期徵兆,倘若聲沙持續達四星期或以上,便要多加留意檢查。
Hoarseness is one of the most common complaints referred for ENT evaluation. It is often a result of abnormal vibration of the vocal cords. In order to produce a normal voice, both vocal cords need to come together and vibrate in synchrony. Diagnosis is by direct visualization of the vocal cords via laryngoscopic examination in the office. Processes that may impede normal vibratory function of the vocal cords include infection (eg. laryngitis), inflammation from vocal abuse or laryngeal reflux, benign vocal cord masses (eg. vocal nodules/ cysts/ polyps), and malignant laryngeal tumors. Speech therapy is often necessary to correct abnormal use of vocal cord muscles. Vocal hygiene such as hydration, smoking and alcohol cessation, and voice rest should be followed. Surgery is reserved for large lesions or persistent hoarseness refractory to speech therapy. If there are any concerns about a lesion on the vocal cord, a biopsy procedure under general anesthesia is recommended.
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100621/00410_012.html
一般來說,如果聲沙病情輕微,可透過言語治療 (speech therapy) 矯正發聲方法,讓聲帶休息逐漸康復,病情嚴重則需要施手術。完成治療後仍需接受言語治療、預防復發,並要培養保護聲帶的習慣,包括用適當的音量、音調和速度說話或歌唱、避免叫喊或高談過久、戒煙、戒酒、多喝水保持聲帶滋潤等。值得一提的是,聲沙也是喉癌的早期徵兆,倘若聲沙持續達四星期或以上,便要多加留意檢查。
Hoarseness is one of the most common complaints referred for ENT evaluation. It is often a result of abnormal vibration of the vocal cords. In order to produce a normal voice, both vocal cords need to come together and vibrate in synchrony. Diagnosis is by direct visualization of the vocal cords via laryngoscopic examination in the office. Processes that may impede normal vibratory function of the vocal cords include infection (eg. laryngitis), inflammation from vocal abuse or laryngeal reflux, benign vocal cord masses (eg. vocal nodules/ cysts/ polyps), and malignant laryngeal tumors. Speech therapy is often necessary to correct abnormal use of vocal cord muscles. Vocal hygiene such as hydration, smoking and alcohol cessation, and voice rest should be followed. Surgery is reserved for large lesions or persistent hoarseness refractory to speech therapy. If there are any concerns about a lesion on the vocal cord, a biopsy procedure under general anesthesia is recommended.
Sources:
http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/news/20100621/00410_012.html
Labels:
hoarseness,
speech therapy,
vocal cord nodules,
聲沙,
言語治療
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